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| Info on Amazonite |  | | Color: | Blue-green, pale green | | Hardness: | 6 | | Crystal system: | Triclinic | | Chemical comp.: | KAISi3O8 potassium aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.56 | | Refractive Index: | 1.52-1.53 | | Luster: | Vitreous to silky |
| Amazonite derives its name from the Amazon River where it was thought to originate. The coloring agent is lead and may appear mottled. It is sometimes confused with jade, but is distinguishable by its network of light striations, which are visible with a lens. It has the same composition as moonstone but the crystal structure is triclinic. Amazonite can be found in the United States, Brazil, Australia, Zimbabwe, Russia, Madagascar and Namibia.
| | Info on Amethyst |  | | Color: | Purple, violet and pale red-violet | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.544-1.553 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Amethyst is the most precious of the quartz family. Amethyst is found in geodes or alluvial deposits, predominantly from Brazil and Uruguay. USA, Madagascar, Soviet Union, India, Australia, South Africa and many other countries. The color is typically a deep violet purple but can appear paler. The color is the result of trace amounts of iron in the crystal structure.
| | Info on Aquamarine |  | | Color: | Light blue to dark blue, blue-green | | Hardness: | 7.5-8 | | Crystal system: | Hexagonal | | Chemical comp.: | Al2Be3Si6O18 aluminum beryllium silicate | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.68-2.74 | | Refractive Index: | 1.564-1.596 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| latin -water of sea! Aquamarine derives its name from its soothing seawater color ranging from a clear pastel to a deep ocean blue. Iron gives this stone its color; a deep blue being the most valued. Aquamarine can be heated at 725-800 degrees Fahrenheit to enhance their color, but this must be done carefully, as overheated stones may become colorless. It is sometimes confused with blue topaz, but is distinguishable by a gray or violet tinge and a much stronger luster. Belonging to the beryl family, aquamarine can be found in pegmatite and coarse-grained granite. The best source is located in Brazil, but can also be found in Russia, Australia, Burma, China, India, Kenya, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Madagascar.
| | Info on Beryl |  | | Color: | Gold-yellow, yellow-green, yellow-pink | | Hardness: | 7.5-8 | | Crystal system: | Hexagonal | | Chemical comp.: | Al2Be3Si6O18 aluminum beryllium silicate | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.66-2.87 | | Refractive Index: | 1.562-1.6022 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Beryl can be found in a variety of colors and are either given a specific name or referred to by its color. It is usually found along with aquamarine; also in the beryl family. It is brittle and susceptible to pressure and common household chemicals. Beryl is found in pegmatite and is associated with hydrothermal processes. It can be confused with many different stones because of its strong and varied colors. Pale greenish-blue beryl are called aquamarine and strong colored green or green-green beryl is called emerald. Beryl can be found worldwide from Northern Europe to North America, South America, East Africa, South Africa and the Himalayan area of India.
| | Info on Black Onyx |  | | Color: | Black | | Hardness: | 6.57 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxid | | Transparency: | Opaque | | Density: | 2.58-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Onyx is a variety of chalcedony and is similar to agate. It is the name given to a uni-colored chalcedony. The name “onyx” is derived from the Greek word meaning “fingernail,” due to its weak transparency. It is a microcrystalline variety of quartz . Deposits are found worldwide.
| | Info on Blue Lace Agate (Agate) |  | | Color: | light blue, banded | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Translucent, opaque | | Density: | 2.60-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | vitreous |
| Blue lace agate is the trade name given to this light blue, banded stone belonging to the agate family. Agate is recognizable by distinct banding formed by rhythmic crystallization. Deposits are found in ball or almond shape nodules in rocks such as volcanic lavas, ranging in size from a fraction of an inch to several yards. Most agates are a grayish-brown color and are often dyed or stained to enhance their natural color. Levels of impurities determine the natural color of the bands. Moss Agate, found in India, China and the United States, are usually white or gray with moss green inclusions. Petrified wood, found in the Petrified Forest in Arizona (USA), is a fossilized wood where agate has been replaced by organic matter. Today, most agate comes from Uruguay and Brazil, but can also be found in Mexico, Madagascar, Italy, Egypt and Scotland. The most well known source is Idar-Oberstein in Germany, where agate has been found since 1548. There are many variety names of agate depending on the color and pattern.
| | Info on Burma Jade |  | | Color: | light green, cream colored | | Hardness: | 6-6.5 | | Crystal system: | monoclinic | | Chemical comp.: | Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(OH)2(Si4O11)2 calcium magnesium iron silicate | | Transparency: | opaque | | Density: | 2.90-3.03 | | Refractive Index: | 1.600-1.627 | | Luster: | greasy to pearly |
| Burma jade is the trade name given to this light creamy green colored stone belonging to the nephrite family. Nephrite derives its name from the Greek word meaning “kidney” because it was believed that wearing it would help in healing kidney disorders. Nephrite is recognized as a separate type of jade, more common than jadeite. It has been used for centuries as a carving material because of its exceptional hardness and density. Colors may vary from an iron rich dark green to paler shades of green or a magnesium rich cream color. It may appear blotchy, banded or spotted depending on levels of impurities. Nephrite jade is found worldwide, but chief sources include Russia, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the United States.
| | Info on Carnelian |  | | Color: | Brownish-orangered | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Translucent to opaque | | Density: | 2.58-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Carnelian is a brownish-red to orange variety of chalcedony. Its color comes from iron content and can be enhanced by heating. In today’s market, most carnelians are agates that have been dyed and heat-treated; these show stripes when held to the light. Natural carnelian shows a cloudy color distribution when held to light. It is considered an alternate birthstone for July. Metaphysically, carnelian is said to promote emotional balance and physical energy. Deposits can be found in India, Brazil and Uruguay.
| | Info on Chalcedony |  | | Color: | Bluish, white, gray | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Dull, translucent | | Density: | 2.58-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | Waxy, dull |
| Chalcedony is made-up of microscopic fibers, parallel to each other. Occurring in crusts and cavities, the species name, chalcedony is used for all cryptocrystalline quartzes; such as agate, chrysoprase, bloodstone, jasper carnelian and onyx. Actual chalcedony is defined by a bluish-white-gray variety. It is distinguishable by its exceptional luster and density. True chalcedony generally has no banding and is very porous, which enables it to be dyed easily. Most chalcedony comes from Uruguay and Brazil, but can also be found in India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Zimbabwe and California (USA).
| | Info on Chrysoprase |  | | Color: | Green | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Translucent, opaque | | Density: | 2.58-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | Vitreous to waxy |
| Chrysoprase gets its soft green to bright apple green color from nickel. It is part of the chalcedony group and is regarded as the most valuable. It is sensitive to heat and the color can fade in sunlight. The finest quality of chrysoprase once came from Poland and Czechoslovakia, but the mines have been depleted since the 14th century. It has been used as an alternate birthstone for May. Today, deposits can be found in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Russia and California (USA).
| | Info on Citrine |  | | Color: | Light to dark yellow, gold-brown | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.544-1.553 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Citrine, a variety of quartz, gets its yellowish color from iron impurities. Most citrine on today’s market is heat-treated amethyst. Amethyst is heated to 878-1040 degrees Fahrenheit to turn it a golden yellow. Heat-treated citrines are distinguishable by a slightly red tint. Natural citrine is usually a paler yellow, and is rarer. It is said this gem provides the wearer with a sense of stability and can bring emotional balance to both mind and body. It has also been used as a purifying agent or cleansing stone. Natural citrine deposits can be found in Brazil, Madagascar, Argentina, the USA, Burma, Russia, Scotland, Namibia and Spain.
| | Info on Coral |  | | Color: | Red, pink, white, blue, black | | Hardness: | 3-4 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | CaCO3 | | Transparency: | Translucent, opaque | | Density: | 20.60-2.70 | | Refractive Index: | 1.486-1.658 | | Luster: | Dull, vitreous, waxy |
| Coral is found in branch shaped structures, made up of the skeletal remains of small marine animals called polyps. Natural coral has a dull surface but when polished has a vitreous luster. It is sensitive to acids and heat and color may fade with wear. Red coral is the most valuable; findings date back to the Mesopotamia civilization. Coral is typically found in warmer seas. Red and pink coral is found in Japan and on the Mediterranean and African coasts, Malaysia and the Red Sea.
| | Info on Crystal Quartz |  | | Color: | Colorless | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.544-1.553 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Crystal quartz is the most common mineral found in the Earth’s crust. The name is derived from the Greek word meaning “ice” because it was said to be forever frozen. Crystal quartz is often included with pyrite, rutile, gold and tourmaline. Although found worldwide, most crystal quartz comes from Brazil, USA, Madagascar and the Alps.
| | Info on Garnet |  | | Color: | Red, frequently with brown tint | | Hardness: | 6.5-7.5 | | Crystal system: | Cubic | | Chemical comp.: | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 3.62-3.87 | | Refractive Index: | 1.720-1.756 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Garnet is made up of a group of differently colored minerals with similar chemical composition. Garnet, formed under high temperatures and/or pressure, is common in highly metamorphosed rocks and in some igneous formations. Garnet is one of the few gemstones that requires no processing other than cutting to enhance its beauty. A trademark of garnet is its symmetrical, cube-based crystals. It is commonly believed that if you give a garnet to a loved one, it will secure their loyalty and affection. Deposits can be found in the USA, Brazil, Uruguay, Australia, India, Tanzania and Scotland.
| | Info on Green Garnet |  | | Color: | Green, greenish-brown | | Hardness: | 6.5-7.5 | | Crystal system: | Cubic | | Chemical comp.: | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 3.62-3.87 | | Refractive Index: | 1.720-1.756 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Garnets come in a wide variety of colors. Garnet is made up of a group of differently colored minerals with similar chemical composition. Garnet, formed under high temperatures and/or pressure, is common in highly metamorphosed rocks and in some igneous formations. Green garnet gets its beautiful color from the presence of chromium. Iron and chromium give garnet the blood-red color. Garnet is one of the few gemstones that requires no processing other than cutting to enhance its beauty. A trademark of garnet is its symmetrical, cube-based crystals. It is commonly believed that if you give a garnet to a loved one, it will secure their loyalty and affection. Deposits can be found in the USA, Brazil, Uruguay, Australia, India, Tanzania and Scotland.
| | Info on Green Tourmalinated Quartz |  | | Color: | Green with greenish black inclusions | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent, translucent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.54-1.55 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Tourmalinated quartz is clear quartz included with black tourmaline. These inclusions form prismatic, needle-like crystals within the quartz. Green tourmalinated quartz gets its beautiful color through dyeing the natural stone. This stone is said to provide strength and balance, combining the attributes of quartz and tourmaline. Deposits can be found in India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa.
| | Info on Iolite |  | | Color: | Blue, violet, brownish-blue | | Hardness: | 7-7.5 | | Crystal system: | Orthorhombic | | Chemical comp.: | Mg2Al4Si5O18 magnesium aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Transparent to translucent | | Density: | 2.58-2.66 | | Refractive Index: | 1.542-1.578 | | Luster: | Greasy, vitreous |
| Iolite derives its name from the Greek word meaning violet. Also known as cordierite, iolite’s color comes from pleochroism and can be seen in as many as three different shades of violet blue, yellow gray and a light blue, in one stone. Iolite has been compared to a light blue sapphire and is sometimes called “water sapphire.” Despites its appealing color and popularity, it is an affordable stone because it is so abundant. A lighter shade of iolite can be confused with tanzanite, but is distinguishable by its cold grayish color, where as tanzanite is a warmer blue with a hint of violet. Deposits can be found in Sri Lanka, USA, Burma, India and Madagascar.
| | Info on Kunzite |  | | Color: | Pink-violet, light violet | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Monoclinic | | Chemical comp.: | LiAlSi2O6 lithium- | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 3.15-3.21 | | Refractive Index: | 1.660-1.681 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Kunziteis one of two varieties of spodumene and is colored by manganese. Its lilac pink color is best viewed from top to bottom and can appear colorless when viewed at a different angle. Kunzite is a difficult stone to cut due to its splintery fracture and strong pleochroism. Heating to about 300 degrees Fahrenheit may intensify stone color. Deposits are mainly found in Brazil, but also occur in USA, Canada, Mexico, Sweden, Russia, Madagascar and Myanmar (Burma).
| | Info on Kyanite |  | | Color: | Blue, blue-green, brown | | Hardness: | axes 4-4.5 | | Crystal system: | Triclinic | | Chemical comp.: | Al2SiO5 | | Transparency: | Transparent,translucent | | Density: | 3.53-3.70 | | Refractive Index: | 1.710-1.734 | | Luster: | Vitreous to pearly |
| Kyanite is unusual in that it has two hardness values, approximately 4.5 when scratched parallel to the long axis of the crystal and 6.5 when scratched perpendicular to the long axis. This variable hardness and cleavage make it difficult to cut. Its name is derived from the Greek word meaning “blue.” Sometimes confused with sapphire, kyanite has a pearly vitreous luster and coloring may be uneven with darker coloring towards the center. Deposits can be found in India, USA, Australia, Kenya, Myanmar (Burma) and Brazil.
| | Info on Labradorite |  | | Color: | Gray to gray-black with colorful iridescence | | Hardness: | 6-6.5 | | Crystal system: | Triclinic | | Chemical comp.: | NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8 sodium calcium aluminum silicate- | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.65-2.75 | | Refractive Index: | 1.559-1.570 | | Luster: | Vitreous to dull |
| Labradorite derives its name from the peninsula of Labrador in Canada where it was first found. It usually has a gray to gray-black color but an interference of light at junctions of internal structures show a schiller in metallic tints. It displays rainbow-colored reflections, known as labradorescence in violet, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Blues and greens are most common but some rare specimens may display all these colors at once. Labradorite belongs to the plagioclase mineral.
| | Info on Lepidolite |  | | Color: | Violet to pale pink, white | | Hardness: | 2.53 | | Crystal system: | monoclinic | | Chemical comp.: | K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2 | | Transparency: | translucent | | Density: | 2.83-2.94 | | Refractive Index: | 1.52-1.59 | | Luster: | vitreous to pearly |
| Lepidolite is a type of mica, sometimes known as lithia mica due to the high lithium content of its chemical composition. This stone is easy to carve , but some specimens tend to crumble in the process due to its fragility. All lepidolite specimens must behandled with care to prevent fractures. Lepidolite is commonly a pink to pink-violet or purple color, and can have inclusions of dark pink or rubelite tourmaline and sparkly mica present. It is found in the United States in large amounts in Southern California, in the Ural mountains of Russia, in Europe and in Mozambique.
| | Info on Morganite |  | | Color: | Soft pink to violet, salmon colored | | Hardness: | 7.5-8 | | Crystal system: | Hexagonal | | Chemical comp.: | Al2Be 3S i6O1 8 | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.71-2.90 | | Refractive Index: | 1. 562-1.6 02 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Morganite is a member of the beryl group. The mineral, manganese gives it a soft pink color, which can be intensified by heating to 752 degrees Fahrenheit. It is named after the famous American industrialist and gem enthusiast, J.P. Morgan. Some of the finest morganite comes from Madagascar, which produces pure pink crystals as well as some specimens, which contain aquamarine and morganite together. Deposits can also be found in Pakistan, Italy, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Namibia.
| | Info on Peridot |  | | Color: | Yellow-green, olive green, brownish-green | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Orthorhombic | | Chemical comp.: | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 3.28- 3.48 | | Refractive Index: | 1.650-1.703 | | Luster: | Vitreous to greasy |
| Peridot is the name for the gem-quality mineral olivine that is colored by the presence of iron. Its color ranges from light lime gold to bright green to luscious shades of olive. It is sensitive to acids and pressure. An estimated 80-95% of the world’s peridot production comes from Arizona (USA). Although Arizona peridot is of lesser quality, it is more affordable. Other localities include Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Egypt, China, Australia, Norway, Brazil, South Africa and Hawaii (USA).
| | Info on Peruvian Blue Opal |  | | Color: | Varying shades of sea blue, may have black inclusions | | Hardness: | 5.5-6.5 | | Crystal system: | Amorphous | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2-nH2O hydrous silicon dioxide- | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 1.98-2.50 | | Refractive Index: | 1.37-1.52 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Peruvian Blue Opal is a somewhat rare and unique stone, mined from the Andes in Peru. It is a transparent to opaque stone with a beautiful sea-blue color. Depending on the cut, the stone can be clear, show varying degrees of color, or show black fern-like inclusions. Opal is unusual in that it is noncrystalline (lacking a regular arrangement of atoms). It is made up primarily of hardened silica gel and a varying amount of water, usually between 5-10%. The iridescence or “opalescence” is caused by light diffracting off of tiny silica spheres within the structure, although the Peruvian Blue Opal does not have this opalescent appearance. Larger silica spheres will produce a greater range of colors. Over time, opals can lose water and become dry or cracked, and the play of color can fade.
| | Info on Petersite |  | | Color: | Multi-colored, blue, yellow | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | opaque | | Density: | 2.64-2.71 | | Refractive Index: | 1.5341.540 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Petersite is a variety of Tiger Eye, sometimes called Eagle Eye. It differs from Tiger Eye in that the fibers are not as closely packed. Petersite was discovered in 1962 by Sid Peters in Namibia, South Africa. The beautiful conglomerate of contrasting colors makes this stone unique. It is said to represent unconditional love and forgiveness.
| | Info on Rainbow Moonstone |  | | Color: | White with schiller | | Hardness: | 6-6.5 | | Crystal system: | Monoclinic | | Chemical comp.: | KAISi3O8 potassium aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Translucent, transparent | | Density: | 2.56-2.80 | | Refractive Index: | 1.518-1.526 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Rainbow moonstone is cut to show a flash of blue-green “adularescence” or shimmer. The stone itself is usually colorless or whitish. Moonstone is a silicate of aluminum and potassium, sodium and/or calcium.Helps creativity and self-expression. Rainbow moonstone can be found in Brazil, Myanmar (Burma), Madagascar, India, North America, Tanzania and Germany.
| | Info on Rhodocrosite |  | | Color: | Pink too red, yellowish, brownish, striped | | Hardness: | 4 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | MnCO3 manganese | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 3.45-3.70 | | Refractive Index: | 1.600-1.820 | | Luster: | Vitreous to pearly |
| Rhodochrosite derives its name from the Greek word meaning “rose colored.” The most common color is rose or salmon to reddish pink with white and/or black banding. Its color is similar to rhodonite but is distinguishable by its density and its sensitivity to acid. The coloring agent is manganese and deposits occur in veins associated with manganese, silver, copper and lead. Rhodochrosite can be found in Argentina, the United States, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and Chile.
| | Info on Rose Quartz |  | | Color: | Strong to pale pink | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | siO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Semi-transparent, translucent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.544-1.533 | | Luster: | vitreou |
| Rose quartz gets its unique, delicate pink color from trace amounts of iron and titanium. It usually appears cloudy or cracked due to inclusions or foreign substances. Specimens are almost always too cloudy to use as cut gemstones, but is commonly carved into spheres, beads and figurines. Deposits are most often found in large lumps, rarely in crystal form. Metaphysically, it is often known as “the love stone,” helping one to love themselves and stimulate love for others. Rose quartz is abundant, and is found mainly in the United States, Brazil, India, South Africa and Madagascar.
| | Info on Ruby |  | | Color: | Varying shades of red | | Hardness: | 9 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | Al2O3 aluminum oxide | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 3.97-4.05 | | Refractive Index: | 1.762-1.778 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Ruby is the red variety of the corundum mineral species; all other colors of corundum are called sapphire. Colors can vary in shades of red, from pinkish to purplish, to brownish red. The coloring agent is chromium and iron. The most desirable color is referred to as “pigeon’s blood,” which is a pure red with a bluish tinge. Rubies can be heat treated to improve their color. Next to diamond, ruby is the hardest mineral known to man, but is difficult to cut due to its brittleness. Inclusions are common but do not necessarily detract from the value, rather distinguishing it from synthetic stones. . Deposits can be found worldwide in igneous and metamorphic rocks quartz. Colorless quartz can be irradiated to this color.
| | Info on Sapphire |  | | Color: | Various shades of blue, colorless, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple | | Hardness: | 9 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | Al2O3 aluminum oxide | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 3.95-4.03 | | Refractive Index: | 1.762-1.788 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Sapphire includes all colors of the corundum mineral except red, which is known as ruby. It is the second hardest stone known to man. The most desirable color is a clear, deep blue. However, sapphires come in many colors due to levels of iron and titanium impurities, or vanadium impurities in violet stones. Sapphire is the birthstone for September and a talisman for the Taurus zodiac sign. Symbolizing sincerity and faithfulness, sapphire is often given as an engagement ring or gift and represents the fifth and forty-fifth wedding anniversary. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (Burma) produce a fine cornflower blue sapphire. A dark blue colored specimen can be found in Australia, Nigeria and Thailand. Other localities include Montana (USA), Columbia, Brazil, Cambodia, Kenya and Malawi.
| | Info on Smoky Quartz |  | | Color: | Brown to black, smoky gray | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.544-1.553 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Smoky quartz is light to dark brown or grayish variety of clear quartz. Colorless quartz can be irradiated to this color, suggesting that smoky quartz may have been formed by natural radiation in the earth. Darker varieties of smoky quartz are called cairngorm, from the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland or morion, which is an opaque black color. Specimens are formed in hexagonal prisms with pyramidal ends and may be included with rutile. Smoky quartz has been used as a health aid to increase endurance and lessen fatigue and depression. Deposits can be found in Brazil, the Swiss Alps, Australia, the United States, Spain and Madagascar. Snowflake Obsidian Snowflake
| | Info on Snowflake Obsidian |  | | Color: | Black with white spotting | | Hardness: | 5-5.5 | | Crystal system: | Amorphous | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 mainly silicon dioxide with impurities | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.35-2.60 | | Refractive Index: | 1.45-1.55 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Snowflake obsidian is the trade name given to obsidian with gray or white snowflake-like spotting. Obsidian itself, is formed by lava coming in contact with water and cooling quickly, producing a glassy, black surface. Iron and magnesium give it a rich black color, which is included with small, white, radially clustered crystals. Deposits are found in areas where there is or was volcanic activity. Localities include Mexico, Japan, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Ecuador and USA.
| | Info on Sodalite |  | | Color: | Blue, white, gray | | Hardness: | 5.5-6 | | Crystal system: | Cubic | | Chemical comp.: | Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 choric sodium aluminum silicate- | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.14-1.40 | | Refractive Index: | 1.48 | | Luster: | Vitreous to greasy |
| Sodalite derives its name from its sodium content. It is found in a variety of blue shades and is often included with white patches or veins. Pure blue colors are most desirable but rare. It is often confused with lapis lazuli, but is distinguishable by its lower specific gravity and lack of brassy pyrite specks, which are found in lapis. Deposits are found in Italy, India, Canada, Peru, Namibia and the United States.
| | Info on Spinel |  | | Color: | pinkish-red | | Hardness: | - | | Crystal system: | - | | Chemical comp.: | - | | Transparency: | - | | Density: | - | | Refractive Index: | - | | Luster: | - |
| Spinel is most commonly a pinkish-red, colored by chromium, but can also be found in a wide range of colors due to the presence of other impurities such as iron, vanadium or cobalt. Red spinel is often confused with ruby, as it is similar chemically and in color. It is distinguishable by its pinker color and lighter shade. Although a valuable stone itself, spinel has been used for years as a ruby substitute, especially in larger pieces. Deposits are formed in pegmatic, pneumatolytic environments with corundum and in alluvial deposits. Localities include Sri Lanka, Brazil, Pakistan, Sweden, Australia, Afghanistan, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), Russia, Turkey and the United States.
| | Info on Sugalite |  | | Color: | Violet | | Hardness: | 6-6.5 | | Crystal system: | Hexagonal | | Chemical comp.: | KNa2(Fe,Mn,Al)2LiSi12O30 potassium sodium lithium iron manganese aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Translucent to opaque | | Density: | 2.76-2.80 | | Refractive Index: | - | | Luster: | Resinous |
| Sugalite is named after the Japanese geologist, Ken-ichi Sugi who first discovered it in 1944. Its color is a deep, opaque reddish purple with an almost waxy luster.Specimens are usually massive and are found in Japan, Canada and South Africa.
| | Info on Sunstone |  | | Color: | Orange, red-brown with shimmer | | Hardness: | 6-6.5 | | Crystal system: | Triclinic | | Chemical comp.: | (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)2Si2O8 sodium calcium aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Translucent, opaque | | Density: | 2.62-2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.525-1.548 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Sunstone occurs in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is sometimes called aventurine feldspar or oligoclase, which is a species of plagioclase feldspar. It has reflective inclusions of tiny hematite or goethite platelets, which give a red, orange or even a blue metallic glitter.
| | Info on Tanzanite |  | | Color: | Sapphire blue, amethyst, violet | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | Orthorhombic | | Chemical comp.: | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) calcium aluminum silicate | | Transparency: | Transparent | | Density: | 3.35 | | Refractive Index: | 1.691-1.700 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Tanzanite was named after the East African state, Tanzania where it was discovered in the late 60’s and has to date not been found anywhere else in the world. It is a variety of zoiste, colored sapphire blue with a tinge of violet by the prescience of vanadium. Tanzanite may be heated to 752-932 one courage when facing their fears. Deposits are found in India, Norway, Russia, Madagascar, Canada, and the United States. degrees Fahrenheit to diminish yellowish or brown tints and to enhance the blue color. It is sometimes confused with sapphire but is distinguishable by its lower density and luster. Sensitive to ultrasound, tanzanite should not be cleaned with ultrasonic cleansers, which are commonly used by jewelers. Because tanzanite is so rare, its value is rather high.
| | Info on Tourmalinated Quartz | | | Color: | Clear with greenish black inclusions | | Hardness: | 7 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 silicon dioxide | | Transparency: | Transparent, translucent | | Density: | 2.65 | | Refractive Index: | 1.54-1.55 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Tourmalinated quartz is clear quartz, included with black tourmaline. These inclusions form prismatic needle-like crystals within the quartz. quartz is said to provide strength and balance, combining the attributes of quartz and tourmaline. Deposits can be found in India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa.
| | Info on Tourmaline |  | | Color: | Colorless, pink, red, yellow, brown, green, blue, violet, black | | Hardness: | 7-7.5 | | Crystal system: | Trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | Complex borosilicate | | Transparency: | Transparent to opaque | | Density: | 2.82-3.32 | | Refractive Index: | 1.614-1.666 | | Luster: | Vitreous |
| Tourmaline derives its name from the Singhalese name, “Turamali,” which means “stone with mixed color.” It is found in almost every color of the spectrum, a richness in color variation which is unmatched by any other mineral. Varieties include achroite (a rare and colorless stone), dravite (dark yellow-brown, rich in magnesium), rubellite (pink or red), indicolite (green or blue), green and yellow tourmaline (yellow-green being the most popular tourmaline color) and watermelon tourmaline (crystals with a pink center and a green rim, or vice versa). Tourmaline is an alternate birthstone for October and is said to protect against misfortune and to aid in meditation. Deposits can be found in Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Brazil, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Namibia and the United States.
| | Info on Turquoise |  | | Color: | Sky-blue, blue-green, apple green | | Hardness: | 5-6 | | Crystal system: | Triclinic | | Chemical comp.: | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8-4H2O hydrated copper aluminum phosphate | | Transparency: | Translucent, opaque | | Density: | 2.31-2.84 | | Refractive Index: | 1.610-1.650 | | Luster: | Waxy to dull |
| Turquoise varies in color from a pale sky-blue to green, depending on the amount of iron and copper impurities. Unless lab created, pure blue specimens are rare. Most turquoise is veined or spotted with black or brown colored minerals. It is a very fragile stone, sensitive to heat, light, perspiration, oils, cosmetics and household cleansers. It can be very porous and over time could lose water and become dry or cracked. Care should be taken to keep it in a cool, dry place. Turquoise is often impregnated with wax or artificial resin, which improves the color as well as hardens and protects the surface. The finest specimens of true turquoise, Sleeping Beauty, comes from copper mines in Miami, Arizona (USA) and has a faint odor of calcium due to the calcium content. Deposits of microcrystalline, formed as massive encrustations or as nodules can be found in Iran, Tibet, Mexico, Russia, Chile, Australia and the United States.
| | Info on Yellow Turquoise (Agate) |  | | Color: | yellowish green with black matrix | | Hardness: | 6.5-7 | | Crystal system: | trigonal | | Chemical comp.: | SiO2 mainly silicon dioxide- | | Transparency: | translucent, opaque | | Density: | 2.60-2.64 | | Refractive Index: | 1.530-1.540 | | Luster: | vitreous |
| Yellow turquoise is the trade name given to this yellowish green stone with black matrix, belonging to the agate family. Agate is recognizable by distinct banding formed by rhythmic crystallization. Deposits are found in ball or almond shape nodules in rocks such as volcanic lavas, ranging in size from a fraction of an inch to several yards. Most agates are a grayish-brown color and are often dyed or stained to enhance their natural color. Levels of impurities determine the natural color of the bands. Moss Agate, found in India, China and the United States, are usually white or gray with moss green inclusions. Petrified wood, found in the Petrified Forest in Arizona (USA), is a fossilized wood where agate has been replaced by organic matter. Today, most agate comes from Uruguay and Brazil, but can also be found in Mexico, Madagascar, Italy, Egypt and Scotland. The most well known source is Idar-Oberstein in Germany, where agate has been found since 1548. There are many variety names of agate depending on the color and pattern.
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